Advance in the relationship between allergic rhinitis and ADHD in children / 国际儿科学杂志

In recent years, more and more researchers at home and abroad have realized that there is a certain relationship between allergic rhinitis(AR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in children.Children with AR had higher ADHD related symptom scores than healthy children; ADHD children have a significantly increased risk of allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema and atopic dermatitis.At present, it has been clear that they have the common characteristics of increasing prevalence year by year, genetic tendency, environmental and neuropsychological factors, and similar clinical manifestations.However, there is no final conclusion whether they are mutual cause and effect or comorbidities.This artide reviews the similarities between AR and ADHD in epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations and drug treatment, so as to further explore the correlation between AR and ADHD.

Effect of Longmu Guizhi Decoction and Its Disassembled Prescription on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Rats with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To explore the regulatory effect of Longmu Guizhi decoction and its decomposed formula on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of spontsneously hyoertensive rats (SHR) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), so as to explain the scientific connotation of compound compatibility. Method::Young male SHR rats were randomly divided into saline control group, methylphenidate hydrochloride group(2 mg·kg-1), Longmu Guizhi decoction group(30 g·kg-1), Guizhi+ Longgu Muli decoction group(21 g·kg-1), Ganmai Dazaotang group(9.24 g·kg-1) and Polygalae Radix-Acori Tatarinowii Rhizome group(4.62 g·kg-1). The corresponding drugs were intragastrically administered for 14 days. Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and mRNA expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), CRH in hypothalamus and GR, MR in hippocampus were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) method. Result::Serum CORT, ACTH and CRH, GR and CRH mRNA expressions of hypothalamus, GR and MR mRNA expressions of hippocampus in methylphenidate hydrochloride group and Longmu Guizhi decoction group were significantly higher than those of saline control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). MR mRNA expression of hypothalamus in Longmu Guizhi decoction group was significantly higher than that in the saline control group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and GR expression in hippocampus was significantly higher than that in the methylphenidate hydrochloride group (P<0.01). The dissection study showed that the levels of serum ACTH and CRH, MR mRNA, GR and CRH mRNA of hypothalamus, GR and MR mRNA of hippocampus in Guizhi+ Longgu Muli decoction group and Ganmai Dazaotang group were significantly higher than those in saline control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The serum CORT level of Guizhi+ Longgu Muli decoction group was higher than that of normal saline group (P<0.01). The serum ACTH level of Polygalae Radix-Acori Tatarinowii Rhizome pair was significantly higher than that in saline control group(P<0.05). Conclusion::The mechanism of Longmu Guizhi decoction in treating ADHD is related to increase of the levels of CORT, ACTH and CRH in serum and the expressions of MR, GR, CRH in hypothalamus and GR and MR in hippocampus, so as to regulate the function of HPA axis. The order of the effect degree of each decomposition group on HPA axis function from high to low was Guizhi+ Longgu Muli decoction>Ganmai Dazao decoction>Polygalae Radix-Acori Tatarinowii Rhizome pair drug.

Associations of parental bonding and adolescent internet addiction symptoms with depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations of parental bonding and adolescents' Internet addiction symptoms with depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Parental depression and anxiety symptoms, parental bonding, and adolescents' Internet addiction symptoms were assessed in 46 parent-child dyads using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Chen Internet Addiction Scale, respectively. Forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to examine the associations of parental bonding and adolescents' Internet addiction symptoms with parental depression and anxiety. Results Low care/affection on the PBI was significantly associated with parental depression, and overprotection on the PBI and adolescents' Internet addiction were significantly associated with parental anxiety. Discussion Parental bonding and adolescents' Internet addiction are related to depression and anxiety in parents of adolescents with ADHD.

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gender difference and its co morbidity among urban school children in a city of southern Rajasthan, India

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of childhood (3-5%). The main characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. 'The Objective of this study was to study prevalence of ADHD in school aged children.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive school-based study was conducted in a private school of Udaipur from January 2017 to September 2018.' All eligible students were included. Total 1200 students were enrolled. They were assessed for the presence of ADHD using INCLEN diagnostic tool and those found positive were further assessed for the presence of co-morbid conditions using child behavior checklist (CBCL).Results: In present study out of total 1200 students 730(60.83%) were male and 470(39.17%) were female. 76 (6.3%) students out of 1200 were ADHD Positive. ADHD was more common in male students (73.7%), urban locality (57.89%), in age group 6 to 9 years (44.7%) and higher economic class (46.1%). Hyperactivity-Impulsivity type was most common type (51.32%). Male students had predominance of hyperactivity (60.7%) whereas in female student's inattention type was predominant (45%). Aggressive Behavior (19.6%) and rule breaking behavior (80.4%) was more common in male. Somatic complaints were more common in females (60%). Oppositional defiant disorder was observed in male (21.4%) and female (10%) students. 15.8% of ADHD students had learning disorder.Conclusions: Present study shows 6.3% prevalence of ADHD. Hyperactivity type of ADHD was more common in boys, while Inattention type was more common in girls. Among associated co morbid conditions - aggressive behavior, rule breaking behavior and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was found to be more prevalent in boys while anxious behavior, somatic complaints and social problems were more commonly found in girls. Thought problems, learning disorders and conduct disorders are also observed in ADHD students.

Association between the Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood psychiatric disorder. Recently, it has been suggested that brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) may play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Our aim of this review is to understand the physiological functions of BDNF and its potential relationship with ADHD and therapeutic approaches of ADHD. Searches were conducted in Pubmed and Research Information Service System (RISS). In this review, we summarized important literatures for the physiological functions of BDNF in neurodevelopment, change of serum BDNF level in ADHD, association of BDNF polymorphism and ADHD and potential association of treatment of ADHD with serum BDNF level. Further studies are required to more clearly understand the source and the role of BDNF in ADHD and to develop BDNF based-ADHD treatement.

Atopic disease and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children / 国际儿科学杂志

It is recently known that attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),which is often recognized in early-school children,may have a close relationship with atopic disease.Furthermore,there are numerous systemic reviews and meta-analysis focusing on the comorbidity of ADHD and atopic disease.However,the mechanism of the comorbidity has remained less well explored.This review aims to gain a better understanding of the relationship between ADHD and atopic disease in children,investigate the hypothesis and relevant studies results about the influences of atopic disease on ADHD,and help the correlative further research to some extent.

Regulatory effect of Shudihuang on expressions of BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 in prefrontal cortex and striatum of ADHD model rats / 中国中药杂志

To observe the effect of Shudihuang on behaviors and expression of BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 in prefrontal cortex and striatum of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) model rats. Thirty 4-week-old spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR) were randomly divided into model group, methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH, 2 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) and Shudihuang group (2.4 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹). Another 10 Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were selected as normal control group. The 0.5% CMC-Na solution was administered to model group and WKY rats (2 mL·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹). All of the rats were treated for 4 weeks. The open field test was performed at the 14th and 28th days after gavage, in order to evaluate the spontaneous and impulsive behaviors. Subsequently, gene and protein expressions of BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 were tested by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Compared with model group, MPH and Shudihuang groups showed significant reduction in total distance, mean velocity and central distance in the open field test (<0.05), and Shudihuang group displayed a shorter central distance than MPH group (<0.05). RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis indicated that expressions of BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 were lower in prefrontal cortex and striatum of SHR compared with WKY rats. Four weeks later after administration, both Shudihuang and MPH significantly elevated mRNA and protein expressions of BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 (<0.05).In conclusion, neurodevelopmental disorder mediated by BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 was closely related with SHR rats' behaviors. Shudihuang may ameliorate the spontaneous and impulsive behaviors by up-regulating the expressions of BDNF/TrkB and NRG-3 and improving growth and maturation of neurons in SHR.

Computerized cognitive training in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as add-on treatment to stimulants: feasibility study and protocol description / Treinamento cognitivo para crianças e adolescentes com transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade como tratamento complementar aos psicoestimulantes: estudo de viabilidade e descrição de protocolo

Abstract Background Cognitive training has received increasing attention as a non-pharmacological approach for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Few studies have assessed cognitive training as add-on treatment to medication in randomized placebo controlled trials. The purpose of this preliminary study was to explore the feasibility of implementing a computerized cognitive training program for ADHD in our environment, describe its main characteristics and potential efficacy in a small pilot study. Methods Six ADHD patients aged 10-12-years old receiving stimulants and presenting residual symptoms were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial to either a standard cognitive training program or a controlled placebo condition for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was core ADHD symptoms measured using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire (SNAP-IV scale). Results We faced higher resistance than expected to patient enrollment due to logistic issues to attend face-to-face sessions in the hospital and to fill the requirement of medication status and absence of some comorbidities. Both groups showed decrease in parent reported ADHD symptoms without statistical difference between them. In addition, improvements on neuropsychological tests were observed in both groups - mainly on trained tasks. Conclusions This protocol revealed the need for new strategies to better assess the effectiveness of cognitive training such as the need to implement the intervention in a school environment to have an assessment with more external validity. Given the small sample size of this pilot study, definitive conclusions on the effects of cognitive training as add-on treatment to stimulants would be premature.

Resumo Introdução O treinamento cognitivo tem recebido atenção especial como abordagem não medicamentosa para o tratamento do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) em crianças e adolescentes. Poucos estudos avaliaram o treinamento cognitivo como abordagem complementar à medicação em ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados por placebo. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar a viabilidade para a implementação de um programa de treinamento cognitivo computadorizado, descrever suas características principais e potencial eficácia em um pequeno estudo piloto. Métodos Seis pacientes com TDAH entre 10-12 anos de idade, em uso de psicoestimulantes e apresentando sintomas residuais, foram recrutados e randomizados para um dos dois grupos (treinamento cognitivo ou placebo) por 12 semanas. O desfecho principal foram os sintomas nucleares do TDAH avaliados através do Questionário de Swanson, Nolan e Pelham (SNAP-IV). Resultados Encontramos maior resistência do que a esperada no recrutamento dos pacientes em função de problemas logísticos para atender às sessões presenciais no hospital assim como para preencherem os critérios de status medicamentoso e ausência de algumas comorbidades. Ambos os grupos apresentaram diminuição nos escores dos sintomas de TDAH reportados pelos pais, mas sem diferença estatística entre eles. Além disso, foi observada melhora nos testes neuropsicológicos em ambos os grupos - principalmente nas tarefas treinadas pelo programa. Conclusão Este protocolo revelou a necessidade de novas estratégias para melhor avaliar a eficácia do treinamento cognitivo tal como a necessidade de implementar a intervenção no ambiente escolar a fim de obter uma avaliação com maior validade externa. Devido ao pequeno tamanho amostral deste estudo, conclusões definitivas sobre os efeitos do treinamento cognitivo como abordagem complementar aos psicoestimulantes seriam prematuras.

Clinical value of active electroencephalography in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To explore the value of active electroencephalography (AEEG) in the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Methods Routine EEGs were performed in 179 patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.AEEGs were performed in 117 patients who have been performed routine EEGs.Results Abnormal discharge was observed in 17 cases in routine EEGs and epileptiform activities were found in 6 patients.The abnormal rate is 9.5％.Abnormal discharge was observed in 21 cases in AEEGs and epileptiform activities were found in 12 patients.The abnormal rate is 17.9％.Conclusions AEEG is an important clinical examination which also serves as a reference for brain function and epilepsy.AEEG could help judge the prognosis of epilepsy comorbiding with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Association between set shifting in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and NRXN1 gene / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To study the association between set shifting in ADHD and NRXN1 gene.Methods:According to the diagnostic standard of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ).Totally 756 Han Chinese ADHD children and 133 Han Chinese unaffected children were involved in the analysis.Set shifting,including number connection time (NOTIM),number connection error times (NOERR),number and letter alternant connection time (LETIM),number and letter altemant error times (LEERR),and shifting time(each value was the difference between LETIM and NOTIM),was recorded by trail making test (TMT).Two SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) of NRXN1 gene,rs1592728 and rs4971652,were chose to detect genotype using Sequenom Mass ARRAY system by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Linear regression analysis was applied to explore the influence of set shifting,then,stratified analysis was used to study the association between set shifting and rs1592728 as well as rs4971652 in ADHD cases and controls separately.Results:Linear regression analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between set shifting and month (β =0.42,P ＜0.001),IQ (β =0.34,P ＜ 0.001),group (β =0.08,P =0.004),GG genotype of rs4971652 (β =0.06,P =0.039).Among ADHD children,there was a negative relationship between set shifting and month (β =0.46,P ＜0.001),IQ (β =0.32,P ＜ 0.001),GG genotype of rs4971652 (β =0.07,P =0.018),a positive association was found between set shifting and ADHDSUB (β =0.06,P =0.033),set shifting damaged higher with ADHD-Ⅰ children than ADHD-C children.While,in controls,set shifting was in inverse relation with month (β =0.25,P =0.002) and IQ (β =0.40,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion:It suggests that the association between shift in ADHD children and polymorphism of NRXN1 gene is existed,set shifting deficit less seriously in GG genotype.

Executive function performances in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To explore the executive function profiles in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)in a Chinese sample population. Methods We identified 68 outpatients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV(DSM-IV)and 74 normal adults.All subjects completed clinical interview, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Results ADHD group had higher scores in all factors of BRIEF-A questionnaire compared with normal control (P<0.01). ADHD group had a higher score in SWM strategy score [(30.84±5.58)vs.(28.80±5.85), t=2.056,P=0.042]compared with control group. Compared with control group, ADHD group had a lower score in RVP total hits [37(33,41.75) vs.3(37,48), Z=-3.184,P<0.01]. Total correct rejections[(508(497.5,518)vs. 516(503,529.5),Z=-2.229,P=0.0260)]were significantly lower,while RVP total misses were significantly higher [(17 (12.25,21)vs.12(7,20),Z=2.293,P=0.022)].ADHD-RS-IV attention deficit score was positively correlated with SWM strategy while RVP total misses were negatively correlated with RVP total hits and RVP correct rejections.Working memory score in BRIEF-A was significantly correlated with the SWM strategy,RVP total hits, RVP total correct rejections and RVP probable of hit as well as RVP total misses. Conclusion Adults with ADHD have executive functioning deficits which is correlated with ADHD core symptoms.

A semantic processing development study in 7-11 years old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal children:an ERP study of N400 / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the developmental characteristics of semantic processing of chil-dren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder( ADHD) by comparing the event related potential in normal children and ADHD children ( ages 7-11 years old) .Methods 83 ADHD children and 93 normal children ranging from 7 to 11-year were divided into 5 groups to analyze the difference of the amplitude and latency of ERP N400 in three conditions:the related,unrelated and pesudoword after the Chinese character word visual stimulus task.Results (1) The related condition:the amplitude of the 7 years old normal children group was higher than 11 years old((-10.67±4.39)μV,(-4.62±3.55)μV;P=0.005);and the amplitude was highest in 8 years old group in children with ADHD( (-10.77±6.66) ms, F=2.54, P=0.046) .The latency in normal children was shorter at 8 years old((311.7±33.1) ms, P<0.05),but was shorter at 9 years old in ADHD group.( 2) The unrelated condition:the amplitude of normal children aged 10 years was higher than that of other age groups.( 3) The pesudoword condition:the amplitude of 9 years old normal children was higher than other age groups.The amplitude of ADHD in children aged 9 years was higher than that in other age groups( (-16.08±7.14)μV, P<0.05) .Conclusion In the semantic related conditions,the amplitude of the N400 in ADHD children at the age of 8 and the latency at the age of 9 are significantly developed,and in the false words conditions,it is at the age of 11.This suggests that the ability of 7-11 years old ADHD chil-dren's orthographic semantic processing and cognitive development are slower than normal.N400 can better reflect the children's early language cognitive ability,and it is valuable for the early diagnosis of children with ADHD.

Quality of Life and Psychiatric Symptoms in School-aged Children with Atopic Dermatitis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) in school-aged children may affect their daily activities and psychological well-being. It can also have a negative impact on the child's behavior. Little is known about the quality of life (QOL) and psychiatric symptoms in school-aged children and their relationship to disease severity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to document the impact of AD on QOL and psychiatric symptoms in school-aged children by disease severity. METHODS: Seventy-eight AD patients aged 7approximately19 years were included in this study. Participants completed the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Korean Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (K-ARS). Disease severity was evaluated using the SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) index. RESULTS: The SCORAD was 28.95+/-17.92 (mean+/-SD), and the CDLQI was 8.04+/-6.29. The CDLQI was significantly correlated with the SCORAD. Psychiatric symptoms (CDI and K-ARS) did not show a correlation with the SCORAD, but they worsened with increasing CDLQI score. There was no statistically significant difference among the different age groups. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that AD had an impact on school-aged children's QOL and psychological well-being. Severity of AD correlated with QOL decrements, indicating greater QOL impact with greater disease severity. Psychiatric symptoms were more related to subjective impairment of QOL than objective disease severity.

Association between LPHN3 and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the association between LPHN3 andattention-deficit/hyperactivity disor-der(ADHD)in Chinese Han children.Methods:Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor-ders,Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)diagnosis criteria,921 normal controls and 1052 ADHD children were included in the study.The Clinical Diagnostic Interview Scale (CDIS )was used to assess symptoms and ADHD sub-types.ADHD was divided into three subtypes,namely ADHD inattentive type (ADHD-I),ADHD hyperactive-im-pulsive type (ADHD-HI),and ADHD combined type (ADHD-C).The ADHD rating-scale was used to assess ADHD symptoms.Including inattentive symptoms,hyperactive symptoms,impulsive symptoms and ADHD total symptoms.Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)of LPHN3 were genotyped.Case-control studies were conducted to investigate the association of each SNP with the ADHD and the subgroups using chi-square test.Results:rs11131347 was associated with ADHD P <0.05,OR =0.86(0.76 -0.98)],but the difference didn't survive significance after corrections,The frequency of minor allele C in cases and control was0.409 vs.0.445.For different genders,rs11131347 was significantly associated with ADHD boys [P <0.05,OR =0.82(0.71 -0.96)], The frequency of minor allele C in cases and control was0.402 vs.0.449.For different subtypes,rs11131347 was associated with ADHD-C [P <0.05,OR =0.85(0.74 -0.98)]and ADHD-C boys[P <0.05,OR =0.82(0.70 -0.97)],but none of the difference survived significance after corrections,The frequencies of minor allele C in cases and control were respectively 0.407 vs.0.445 and 0.401 vs.0.449.Genotypes distribution analysis indicated that rs11131347 was associated with ADHD in general (recessive model,P <0.05),ADHD boys (additive model,P <0.05;dominant model,P <0.05;recessive model,P <0.05),ADHD-C(recessive model,P <0.05)and ADHD-C boys (dominant model,P <0.05 ),however,none of the difference survived significance after correc-tions.rs11131347 was nominal associated with impulsive scores(P <0.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that the polymorphism of LPHN3 is probably involved in the pathological mechanisms of ADHD and its core symptoms of impulsivity.

Investigating the autistic traits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the autistic symptoms or autistic trait in the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) for facilitating the development of appropriate interventions.Methods Sixty-two 6-12-year-old high-functioned autism spectrum disorder (ASD),ADHD and typically developing (TD) children were assessed respectively using Chinese-version social responsiveness scale (SRS),and ADHD core symptoms were assessed in the ADHD children at the same time.Results ASD group＞ADHD group＞ TD group on the SRS total raw score and the five dimensions scores as well(P＜0.01).ASD,ADHD and TD group scored respectively 92.43±19.17,65.66±19.86 and 38.40±10.68 on the SRS total scale.The SRS total raw score of ADHD group exceeded the TD group for 2.55 standard deviant (SD) and with social communication (2.00 SD) and autistic mannerism (2.71 SD) deviating the most.22.58％ (14 out of 62) children with ADHD scored above the threshold on the SRS total raw score which was significantly higher than that in the TD group(P＜0.01).There were nonsignificant differences in the ADHD core symptoms between ADHD± children (with the SRS total raw score ≥85)and ADHD-children(with the SRS total raw score＜85) (P＞0.01).Conclusion Children with ADHD appear more ASD symptoms than the TD children and a considerable proportion of them reach the SRS diagnostic cut-off point.

Knowledge and misperceptions towards diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) among primary school and kindergarten female teachers in Al-Rusaifah district, Makkah City, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of childhood and adolescence and it is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that cause distress in the lives of both children and adult. If ADHD remains undetected the child may experience academic failure, rejection by peers, and develop low-self-esteem. Teachers are seen as one of the most valuable sources of information with regard to referral and diagnosis of ADHD. They also have the responsibility for creating an environment conductive to academic, social and emotional success for children with ADHD. Aims & Objective: To assess the knowledge of primary school and kindergarten female teachers in Al-Rusaifah district, Makkah city, towards the diagnosis and the management of ADHD as well as factors associated with ADHD knowledge among them. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study among primary school and kindergarten female teachers working in Al-Rusaifah district, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2011. An interview questionnaire for diagnosis and management of ADHD in children was implemented. The questionnaire was designed in Arabic language. It consists of 38 questions covering 3 parts; regarding socio demographic features, general knowledge of ADHD with its coexisting conditions, and management of ADHD utilizing a questionnaire based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed) (DSM-IVR) diagnostic criteria. Results: The study included 130 teachers with a response rate of 100%. Their age ranged between 22 and 58 years with a mean of 33.32 ± 7.77 years. More than half of the participants (72; 55.4%), responded that they had insufficient information regarding ADHD during their undergraduate stage. The majority (114; 87.7%) did not attend any conference regarding ADHD while (78; 60%) reported history of reading about ADHD. Relatively highest level of knowledge was observed for the items dealing with symptoms and facts related to diagnosis of ADHD (71.75%) while the lowest level of knowledge was revealed for the items reflecting general knowledge about ADHD (37%). The overall mean percentage of correct answers was 58.9%. The mean percentage of score reflecting knowledge of the teachers about diagnosis of ADHD was significantly higher among teachers aged 25 years or below as compared to older teachers. The majority of teachers (84.6%) agreed that they have an active role in the management of ADHD and that teachers should play an active role in ADHD management if combined with drugs (83.8%). Conclusion: In conclusion, an inadequacy of knowledge regarding ADHD among a sample of female teachers in Al-Rusaifah district, Makkah, was observed. This inadequacy of knowledge raises serious questions about the screening of ADHD at the level of schools in Makkah.

Biomedicalización e infancia: trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad / Biomedicalization and childhood: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / Biomedicalização e infância: transtorno de déficit de atenção de hiperatividade

El artículo analiza críticamente el aumento de los niños diagnosticados y tratados por el Trastorno de Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH). Los análisis vinculan este creciente fenómeno con las estrategias de la industria farmacéutica para reposicionarse en el liderazgo de la conceptualización del proceso salud-enfermedad-atención y en el mercado de salud. Utilizamos métodos analítico-interpretativos para estudiar datos primarios y secundarios, y realizar una extensa revisión bibliográfica. A la luz del concepto de biomedicalización analizamos los mecanismos subjetivo-ideológicos que facilitaron que este discurso se instituya como una nueva verdad sobre este trastorno y sea legitimado por los organismos gubernamentales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. La biomedicalización del sufrimiento infantil dificulta que se pongan en evidencia los profundos cambios socioeconómicos, políticos e ideológico-culturales que han transformado radicalmente nuestras sociedades en las últimas décadas.

The article critically analyzes the increasing number of children diagnosed with and treated for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The analysis links this growing phenomenon with the strategies of the pharmaceutical industry to attain leadership in the health-illness-care process as well as in the health market. We utilized analytical and interpretive methods to study primary and secondary data and conducted an extensive literature review. In light to the concept of biomedicalization, we analyzed the ideological and subjective mechanisms that facilitated the institutionalization of this discourse as a new truth concerning this disease as well as its legitimization by governmental and civic organizations. The biomedicalization of children's suffering facilitates the concealment of deeply rooted socio-economic, political, ideological and cultural changes that have radically transformed our societies over the past few decades.

O artigo analisa criticamente o aumento das crianças diagnosticadas e tratadas por Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção de Hiperatividade (TDAH). As análises vinculam este crescente fenômeno às estratégias da indústria farmacêutica para se reposicionarem na liderança da conceituação do processo saúde-doença-atenção e no mercado de saúde. Utilizamos métodos analítico-interpretativos para estudar dados primários e secundários, e realizar uma extensa revisão bibliográfica. À luz do conceito da biomedicalização, analisamos os mecanismos subjetivo-ideológicos que facilitaram que este discurso se institua como uma nova verdade sobre este transtorno e seja legitimado pelos organismos governamentais e organizações da sociedade civil. A biomedicalização do sofrimento infantil dificulta que se revelem as profundas mudanças socioeconômicas, políticas e ideológico-culturais que têm transformado radicalmente nossas sociedades nas últimas décadas.

The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dietary habit and caffeine intake in upper-grade elementary school children

This study was performed in order to investigate the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dietary habit and caffeine intake in upper-grade elementary school children. The total number of the study subjects was 237 students (111 boys and 126 girls), where 30 students (12.7%) were diagnosed as ADHD. The dietary habit score of the ADHD group was significantly lower than that of the normal group. In particular, the ADHD group had lower dietary scores in consuming daily breakfast, diverse foods, fruit and milk than those in the normal group. Meanwhile, the daily intake frequency of instant noodle (ramyeon) was significantly higher in the ADHD group than that in the normal group. The mean caffeine intake of the students was 42.95 mg and the proportion of students consuming more than the ADI (acceptable daily intake) was 11.8%. The caffeine intake of ADHD group (63.63 mg) tended to be higher than that of the normal group (39.95 mg); however, it was not significantly different. The ADHD score of the students was negatively related with the dietary habit score (r = -0.279, p < 0.01) but positively related with caffeine intake (r = 0.164, p < 0.05). The dietary habit score had a negative relationship with caffeine intake (r = -0.180, p < 0.01) and a positive relationship with height (r = 0.195, p < 0.01). Caffeine intake had a negative relationship with the height of the students (r = -0.171, p < 0.05). In conclusion, ADHD in children was related to poor dietary habit and high caffeine intake.

Effects of Neurofeedback in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : A Preliminary Study / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The slow cortical potential (SCP) training is one of the methods of neurofeedback which is considered as an adjunctive treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the SCP training in children with ADHD. METHODS: Subjects were consisted of 12 children aged between 7 and 13 years and all of the subjects have completed neuropsychological tests to assess their cognitive and executive functioning, before and after their neurofeedback training. Their parents have completed the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale (ARS). Each subject was given 30 sessions of SCP training. RESULTS: The inattention scores and total ARS scores of the subjects have decreased (Z=-2.54, p<0.05, Z=-2.26, p<0.05, respectively) after training, but the hyperactivity/impulsivity scores did not show significant improvement. The commission error scores for both the visual and auditory ADHD diagnostic system (ADS) showed a trend toward improvement after training (p=0.053, p=0.092, respectively). The larger improvement of positive task of feedback trial, which is one of the methods of SCP training, was associated with the larger reduction of ARS total scores (p<0.05) and the larger improvement of negative task of transfer trial was associated with a larger reduction of omission error scores of auditory ADS (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the SCP neurofeedback program may improve ADHD symptoms and assumes that SCP training is a viable treatment option for ADHD treatment.

Caracterizaciónnneuropsicológica de una muestrade niños y niñas con tdah de laa ciudad de manizales / Neuropsycholgicaal characterization of a sample of children ith adhd from tthe city of manizales

Introducción. En la presente investigación se describe el desempeño neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas escolarizados, entre 6 y 14 años con diagnóstico de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH), y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con el desempeño neuropsicológico de un grupo Control. Objetivo. Comparar las características del desempeño neuropsicológico de una muestra de niños y niñas con TDAH-C y TDAH-I y de un grupo Control de la ciudad de Manizales. Materiales y métodos. El artículo se originó de una investigación de tipo no experimental de corte transversal. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de tres grupos: TDAH Combinado (TDAH-C), TDAH Inatento (TDAH-I) y grupo Control. Las variables neuropsicológicas fueron las variables respuesta, y cada uno de los niños afectados se pareo con un control. Resultados. Se establecieron diferencias en el desempeño en una tarea de ejecución continua (cancelación de dibujos) entre ambos subtipos de TDAH (P<0,001), teniendo el grupo de TDAH-C, una media menor que el subtipo TDAH-I (P<0,001); así mismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a nivel del lenguaje, en relación con las habilidades metalingüísticas, específicamente, en la tarea de conteo de sonidos (P<0,001), entre la estimación de la media en el grupo TDAH-I y el grupo Control (P<0,001). Conclusiones. Los hallazgos de la presente investigación confirman la presencia de algunas diferencias en el desempeño neuropsicológico entre niños y niñas con TDAH y grupos Control. Así mismo, se evidencia la necesidad de seguir avanzando en el empleo de la Batería de Evaluación Neuropsicológica (ENI) en ejercicios investigativos con poblaciones clínicas, para revisar la validez y el comportamiento de la prueba en la evaluación de niños y niñas con TDAH y en la de otros grupos clínicos de interés.

Introduction. The present investigation describes the neuropsychological performance of a sample of school children between 6 and 14 years old diagnosed with ttention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and compares the results with the neuropsychological performance of a Control group. Objective. To compare the neuropsychological performance characteristics of a sample of children diagnosed with ADHD-C and ADHD-I and a Control group in the city of Manizales. Materials and Methods. This article originated from a cross section non-experimental research. A variance analysis was made using the following treatments: ADHD combined (ADHD-C) and Control group, ADHD inattentive (ADHD-I) and Control group, the neuropsychological variables were the response variables, and each of the affected children was paired with a control child. Results. Differences in a continuous performance task (cancellation of drawings) were established between the two subtypes of ADHD (P<0.001), having the ADHD-C, group lesser measure than the ADHD-I (P<0.001) subtype. Similarly, statistically significant differences at the language level in relation to metalinguistic skills was found, specifically in the task of counting sounds (P<0.001) between the mean estimate in group ADHD-I and the Control group (P<0.001). Conclusions. The findings of this study confirm the presence of some differences in neuropsychological performance among children with ADHD and Control groups. Also, it highlights the need for further progress in the use of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (IPD) in research exercises with clinical populations to verify the validity and performance of the test in the evaluation of children with ADHD and in that of other clinical groups of interest.